Dab tsi yog cov khoom noj hauv hav zoov sib txawv: piav qhia thiab piv txwv

Cov saw zaub mov yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog los ntawm nws qhov chaw los ntawm ntau cov kab mob. Tag nrho cov tsiaj nyob sib txuas, raws li lawv ua khoom noj rau lwm yam kab mob. Tag nrho cov saw khoom noj muaj peb mus rau tsib qhov txuas. Thawj feem ntau yog cov neeg tsim khoom - cov kab mob uas lawv tus kheej muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj organic los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas tau txais cov as-ham los ntawm photosynthesis. Tom ntej no tuaj cov neeg tau txais kev pab - cov no yog cov kab mob heterotrophic uas tau txais cov khoom npaj ua organic. Cov no yuav yog tsiaj: ob qho tib si herbivores thiab carnivores. Qhov sib txuas ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus feem ntau yog decomposers - cov kab mob uas decompose organic teeb meem.

Cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis tuaj yeem muaj rau los yog ntau qhov txuas, txij li txhua qhov txuas tshiab tau txais tsuas yog 10% ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov txuas dhau los, lwm 90% poob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub.

Cov khoom noj khoom haus yog dab tsi?

Muaj ob hom: pasture thiab detritus. Cov qub muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv xws li chains, thawj qhov txuas yog ib txwm yog cov neeg tsim khoom (cov nroj tsuag). Lawv tau ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom ntawm thawj qhov kev txiav txim - tsiaj txhu. Tom ntej no - cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob - cov tsiaj me me. Tom qab lawv yog cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib peb - ​​cov tsiaj loj loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj tseem muaj cov neeg siv khoom thib plaub, xws li cov khoom noj khoom haus ntev ntev feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv dej hiav txwv. Qhov txuas kawg yog cov decomposers.

Qhov thib ob hom hluav taws xob circuits - detritus - ntau dua hauv hav zoov thiab savannahs. Lawv tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag lub zog tsis yog siv los ntawm cov kab mob herbivorous, tab sis tuag tawm, ces raug decomposed los ntawm decomposers thiab mineralized.

Cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm hom no pib los ntawm detritus - organic residues ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm. Cov neeg siv khoom xaj thawj zaug hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus no yog kab, xws li dung beetles, lossis scavengers, xws li hyenas, hma, vultures. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob uas pub rau cov nroj tsuag residue tuaj yeem yog thawj tus neeg siv khoom hauv cov saw hlau zoo li no.

Nyob rau hauv biogeocenoses, txhua yam yog kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas feem ntau hom kab mob nyob yuav ua tau cov neeg koom hauv ob hom khoom noj khoom haus.

Khoom noj khoom haus chains nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab mixed forests

Cov hav zoov deciduous feem ntau faib nyob rau sab qaum teb Hemisphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv Western thiab Central Europe, nyob rau hauv Southern Scandinavia, nyob rau hauv lub Urals, nyob rau hauv Western Siberia, East Asia, North Florida.

Cov hav zoov deciduous tau muab faib ua broad-leaved thiab me-leaved. Cov qub yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo xws li ntoo qhib, linden, tshauv, maple, elm. Rau qhov thib ob - birch, alder, aspen.

Cov hav zoov sib xyaw yog cov ntoo uas cog ntoo coniferous thiab deciduous. Cov hav zoov sib xyaw yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw huab cua sov. Lawv pom nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Scandinavia, hauv Caucasus, hauv Carpathians, Far East, hauv Siberia, hauv California, hauv Appalachians, ze ntawm Great Lakes.

Cov hav zoov sib xyaw muaj cov ntoo xws li spruce, ntoo thuv, ntoo qhib, linden, maple, elm, kua, fir, beech, hornbeam.

Muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab sib xyaw hav zoov pasture zaub mov chains. Thawj qhov txuas hauv cov khoom noj hauv hav zoov feem ntau yog ntau hom tshuaj ntsuab, berries xws li raspberries, blueberries, strawberries. elderberry, ntoo bark, ceev, cones.

Cov neeg tau txais kev txiav txim thawj zaug feem ntau yuav yog cov tsiaj txhu xws li roe mos lwj, elk, mos lwj, nas, piv txwv li, squirrels, nas, shrews, thiab hares.

Cov neeg siv khoom thib ob yog cov neeg tua tsiaj. Feem ntau nws yog hma, hma, weasel, ermine, lynx, owl thiab lwm yam. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov tseeb tias tib hom koom nrog ob qho tib si pasture thiab detrital zaub mov chains yuav yog hma: nws tuaj yeem tua tsiaj me me thiab noj carrion.

Cov neeg siv khoom thib ob tuaj yeem ua rau lawv tus kheej ua rau cov tsiaj nyeg loj dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov noog: piv txwv li, cov noog me tuaj yeem noj los ntawm hawks.

Qhov txuas kaw yuav yog cov decomposers (cov kab mob lwj).

Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv hav zoov deciduous-coniferous:

• birch bark - hare - hma - decomposers;
• ntoo - Maybug larva - woodpecker - hawk - decomposers;
• nplooj litter (detritus) - worms - shrews - owl - decomposers.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom noj chains hauv hav zoov coniferous

Cov hav zoov zoo li no nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Eurasia thiab North America. Lawv muaj cov ntoo xws li ntoo thuv, spruce, fir, cedar, larch thiab lwm yam.

Ntawm no txhua yam yog txawv heev los ntawm sib xyaw thiab deciduous hav zoov.

Thawj qhov txuas hauv qhov no yuav tsis yog nyom, tab sis moss, shrubs lossis lichens. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv coniferous hav zoov tsis muaj lub teeb txaus rau ib tug tuab nyom cover kom muaj nyob.

Raws li, cov tsiaj uas yuav dhau los ua cov neeg siv khoom ntawm thawj qhov kev txiav txim yuav txawv - lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob noj nyom, tab sis moss, lichens lossis shrubs. Nws tuaj yeem yog qee hom mos lwj.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias shrubs thiab mosses muaj ntau dua, herbaceous nroj tsuag thiab bushes tseem pom nyob rau hauv coniferous hav zoov. Cov no yog nettle, celandine, strawberry, elderberry. Hares, moose, squirrels feem ntau noj cov zaub mov zoo li no, uas tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov neeg siv khoom thawj zaug.

Cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob yuav yog, zoo li cov hav zoov sib xyaw, cov tsiaj txhu. Cov no yog mink, dais, wolverine, lynx thiab lwm yam.

Cov tsiaj me me xws li mink tuaj yeem ua tus tsiaj rau thib peb cov neeg siv khoom.

Qhov txuas kaw yuav yog cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob lwj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv coniferous hav zoov muaj ntau heev detrital zaub mov chains. Ntawm no, thawj qhov txuas feem ntau yuav yog cov nroj tsuag humus, uas yog pub los ntawm cov kab mob hauv av, dhau los ua zaub mov rau cov tsiaj unicellular uas tau noj los ntawm fungi. Xws li chains feem ntau yog ntev thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ntau tshaj li tsib txuas.

Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv hav zoov coniferous:

• ntoo thuv ceev - squirrel - mink - decomposers;
• cog humus (detritus) - kab mob - protozoa - fungi - dais - decomposers.